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The Holy Land (Israel/Palestine/Lebanon/Jordan) and Crusader States, 1095–1489

Denys Pringle

Denys Pringle is Emeritus Professor in the School of History, Archaeology and Religion at Cardiff University, Wales, UK. Author affiliation details are correct at time of print publication.

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Sir Banister Fletcher’s Global History of Architecture Volume 1

© the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) and the University of London, 2019

Sir Banister Fletcher chapter

...After the fall of Jerusalem to the First Crusade (1095–99) – which was launched by Pope Urban II to protect the Christians of the eastern Mediterranean from the Seljuq Turks – a Kingdom of Jerusalem and other dependent western Christian...

Greater Syria and Iraq (Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates), 661–1258

Marcus Milwright

Marcus Milwright is Professor of Islamic Art and Archaeology in the Department of Art History and Visual Studies, University of Victoria, Canada. Author affiliation details are correct at time of print publication.

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Sir Banister Fletcher’s Global History of Architecture Volume 1

© the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) and the University of London, 2019

Sir Banister Fletcher chapter

...Greater Syria and Iraq were among the regions conquered by the Arab armies during the seventh century. The former was under the control of the Byzantine Empire and the latter under the rule of the Sasanid shahs. The new monotheistic faith...

Imperial Rome and the Roman Empire, c. 31 BCE–284 CE

Janet DeLaine

Janet DeLaine is Associate Professor in Roman Archaeology, University of Oxford, UK, and has published widely on ancient Roman architecture and urbanism. Author affiliation details are correct at time of print publication.

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Sir Banister Fletcher’s Global History of Architecture Volume 1

© the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) and the University of London, 2019

Sir Banister Fletcher chapter

...For roughly 300 years, from the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra in 31 BCE by Octavian – later given the title of Augustus – the Roman Empire was continuously under the autocratic rule of the emperor despite often-dramatic regime change which...

The Middle East, 1830–1914

Mohammad al-Asad

Mohammad al-Asad is Founding Director of the Center for the Study of the Built Environment (CSBE) in Amman, Jordan. Author affiliation details are correct at time of print publication.

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Sir Banister Fletcher’s Global History of Architecture Volume 2

© the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) and the University of London, 2019

Sir Banister Fletcher chapter

...The Middle East is defined by Turkey (north), Iran (east), Arabian Peninsula (south), and Egypt (west). Between lies the ‘Fertile Crescent’, including modern-day Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan and Israel/Palestine. From 1830 to 1914...